Multiple contributors including Alexandra Betâmio de Almeida, José Almeida, Henrique Cabeleira, Valentina Calixto, and others (2009)
This comprehensive manual outlines environmental best practices for the planning, construction, and management of golf courses in Portugal, with a strong focus on sustainability and legal compliance. Developed in response to concerns about the ecological impacts of golf—such as excessive water use, pesticide runoff, and habitat disruption—it covers all phases of course development, from site selection to operational maintenance.
Chapters address land-use planning, biodiversity conservation, water management (including use of recycled water), erosion control, soil selection, turf species adaptation, and drainage systems. It also includes recommendations for eco-friendly construction, grow-in phases, and environmental monitoring. Special emphasis is placed on adapting golf course design to Portugal’s Mediterranean climate and sensitive ecosystems.
The manual advocates for integration of golf landscapes with native vegetation and the adoption of structured environmental management systems (e.g., ISO 14001). It also supports educational and certification programs like Audubon International and Eco-Golfe. Aimed at developers, designers, greenkeepers, and regulators, it serves as a national reference for aligning golf operations with environmental stewardship and long-term sustainability goals.
