Agnar Kvalbein, Trygve S. Aamlid (2014)
Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation (STERF)
This practical guide integrates field research and applied knowledge to help greenkeepers improve irrigation efficiency and turf quality while reducing water use. Based on trials conducted from 2009 to 2011 in southern Norway, the guide challenges traditional practices, revealing that turfgrass often consumes excessive water when irrigation is unrestricted. It introduces deficit irrigation—watering below full soil saturation—as a viable strategy to maintain turf performance while minimizing waste and environmental risk.
Key sections cover soil-plant water dynamics, turf species’ evapotranspiration rates, use of crop coefficients (Kc), hydrophobicity and “finger-flow,” and how uneven irrigation can lead to dry spots and turf decline. Detailed recommendations include using soil moisture sensors (e.g. TDR probes), adjusting irrigation timing and sequence, and applying wetting agents selectively. Data from real-course testing (e.g. Larvik Golf Club) illustrate how variable soil profiles and poor sprinkler uniformity can lead to inefficiencies—often requiring site-specific hand-watering.
The manual emphasizes monitoring, measuring, and fine-tuning irrigation based on actual turf water needs rather than fixed schedules. It presents concrete steps for implementing deficit irrigation on greens and fairways, aiming for optimal playability, stronger root development, and long-term water conservation.
