Jerry Knox, Carlos Gómez Armayones, Paul Burgess & Trygve Aamlid (2019)
Cranfield University, NIBIO Turfgrass Research Group, Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation (STERF)
This project, conducted from 2015 to 2018, developed practical guidelines for improving golf course irrigation efficiency under Nordic conditions. Through field experiments, surveys, and computer simulations, the researchers examined how system design (e.g. sprinkler type, spacing, and pressure), scheduling strategy, and local weather conditions affect irrigation uniformity, turf quality, and environmental outcomes.
Field trials revealed that poor irrigation uniformity and scheduling based on visual inspection or fixed time intervals often result in overwatering, patchy turf, and increased risk of nutrient leaching. A Nordic-wide survey showed that most course managers still rely on visual cues, with limited use of tools like soil moisture sensors or evapotranspiration data. The team developed a low-cost method using catchcans and soil moisture meters to measure irrigation adequacy and distribution, enabling course managers to diagnose inefficiencies.
Simulation modelling highlighted the critical role of sprinkler spacing and wind conditions in influencing water distribution. Strategies like moderate deficit irrigation (below full evapotranspiration replacement) were found to maintain turf quality while minimizing drainage and nitrate leaching. The report encourages an iterative approach to irrigation management—combining technical evaluation with data-driven decision-making to optimize performance, conserve water, and support sustainable turf management.
